In today's rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, technology offers unprecedented opportunities to transform patient care. However, as digital solutions proliferate, a critical question emerges: Are these innovations accessible to everyone? The quest for truly patient-centric care requires looking beyond technological capabilities to address fundamental barriers in accessibility, affordability, and cultural relevance. The Multifaceted Challenge of Healthcare Access Recent global events have fast-tracked the implementation of virtual care platforms, remote monitoring tools, and patient engagement technologies. This acceleration, while beneficial in many ways, has cast a spotlight on existing disparities in healthcare access. 1 The obstacles extend far beyond simple technological availability, encompassing a complex web of factors: Geographic limitations affecting rural and underserved communities Economic constraints impacting affordability of devices and internet services Varying levels of technological familiarity across age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds Linguistic and cultural considerations that influence engagement with digital tools Trust barriers stemming from historical healthcare experiences What makes these challenges particularly concerning is their disproportionate impact on already vulnerable populations. When healthcare innovations inadvertently create additional barriers for underserved communities, they risk amplifying existing health disparities rather than reducing them. Rethinking Patient Engagement in the Digital Age Creating accessible healthcare requires a fundamental shift in how we conceptualize patient engagement with technology. Forward-thinking organizations are moving beyond questions of mere access to evaluate preparedness, comfort, and willingness to engage with digital health tools. 1 This more holistic approach acknowledges that patient preferences for healthcare delivery aren't simply technological hurdles to overcome, but valid perspectives that should inform how care is structured. For some individuals, particularly those from communities with histories of healthcare discrimination, face-to-face interactions may provide essential reassurance and trust that digital alternatives cannot yet replicate. Recognizing these preferences doesn't mean abandoning digital transformation. Rather, it suggests the need for flexible, multi-channel approaches that preserve personal connections while leveraging technological advantages. Innovative Solutions in Action Healthcare organizations across the country are pioneering creative approaches to break down barriers and improve healthcare accessibility: 2 Community-Based Care Delivery Instead of requiring patients to overcome transportation barriers, some healthcare providers are bringing comprehensive care directly to underserved areas. Mobile health units equipped with examination spaces and diagnostic capabilities enable medical teams to reach patients in their own neighborhoods, combining personal connection with professional care. Technology Adaptation for Diverse Populations Recognizing the challenges faced by older adults and those with limited technological experience, several health systems have developed tailored support programs. These initiatives provide personalized guidance, simplified interfaces, and ongoing assistance to help diverse populations navigate digital healthcare platforms successfully. Integrating Social and Medical Care Progressive healthcare organizations are implementing comprehensive screening protocols that identify non-medical factors affecting health outcomes. By connecting patients with dedicated support personnel who can address issues like food insecurity, housing instability, and transportation limitations, these programs tackle the fundamental barriers that often prevent effective healthcare engagement. Culturally Responsive Digital Solutions The most successful digital health initiatives incorporate cultural competency throughout their design and implementation. By involving diverse community members in development processes and ensuring resources are available in multiple languages with culturally appropriate imagery and examples, these approaches significantly improve engagement across population groups. Building Systems for Inclusive Healthcare Creating truly equitable healthcare requires systematic approaches rather than isolated initiatives. Emerging organizational frameworks provide structured methodologies for evaluating and enhancing accessibility at every stage: 3 Development Phase : Incorporating diverse perspectives during the initial design of healthcare solutions and technologies Selection Process : Assessing accessibility features when choosing technologies and platforms for implementation Implementation Strategy : Creating supportive infrastructure that helps all population groups successfully utilize healthcare resources Ongoing Evaluation : Continuously measuring utilization patterns across demographic groups and adapting approaches based on findings The most effective frameworks emphasize proactive community involvement rather than reactive adjustments. By bringing diverse voices into decision-making processes from the beginning, healthcare organizations can identify potential barriers before implementation and develop more inclusive solutions. Moving Forward Together The path to truly accessible, equitable healthcare requires commitment at every level of the healthcare ecosystem. Organizations must be willing to: Invest in understanding the unique needs of their specific patient populations Develop flexible approaches that accommodate varying preferences and capabilities Build supportive systems that help patients navigate increasingly complex healthcare environments Continuously evaluate and adapt strategies based on real-world outcomes By approaching accessibility as a fundamental component of quality care rather than a supplemental consideration, healthcare organizations can ensure that technological advances benefit all patients, regardless of their circumstances or background. For more information on implementing accessible healthcare strategies or to discuss your organization's talent needs in this evolving landscape, contact The Pharma:Health Practice today. Footnotes 1. " Digital Health Readiness and Health Equity," JAMA Network Open, September 2024. 2. " These health systems are taking steps to address health equity ," AMA News Wire, December 2024. 3. " Bridging the Digital Divide in Health Care: A New Framework for Equity ," JAMIA Open, January 2025.

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Reducing Environmental Impact and Embracing Green Technologies

Clinical trial patient recruitment has long been one of the most persistent challenges in pharmaceutical research. As we look ahead to 2025 and beyond, the landscape is rapidly evolving, with digital technologies offering innovative solutions to enhance recruitment efforts and improve diversity in clinical trials. 1 The Current Recruitment Challenge Despite decades of effort, patient recruitment remains a significant hurdle in clinical research. According to recent studies, approximately 80% of clinical trial participants from 2000 to 2020 were white, highlighting a severe lack of ethnic diversity. 2 This homogeneity not only fails to represent the actual population affected by many conditions but also potentially misses important safety signals and efficacy variations across different ethnic groups. The consequences of this lack of diversity are significant: Missed safety signals that may be unique to specific ethnic groups Ineffective prescribing patterns Lower medication adherence in under-represented populations Widening health inequities Digital Technologies Transforming Recruitment Strategies As we approach 2025, the integration of digital tools is becoming increasingly crucial for effective and diverse patient recruitment: 1. Multi-Channel Digital Outreach A multi-channel approach is essential for reaching diverse patient populations. Potential participants gather information from various sources, so leveraging multiple platforms—including social media, email, search engines, and online patient communities—maximizes reach and engagement. 1 Recent successful examples include: Facebook advertising with culturally tailored messaging, which has achieved higher enrollment of African American and Latino adults in clinical trials Digital patient communities that connect individuals based on specific health conditions Search engine optimization strategies that improve the visibility of trial opportunities 2. AI-Driven Matching and Screening Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are revolutionizing how potential participants are matched to appropriate trials: Pre-screening tools that help identify eligible candidates Predictive analytics that target recruitment efforts toward under-represented communities Real-time data analysis that allows for quick adaptation of recruitment strategies 3. Telemedicine and Decentralized Trials The pandemic accelerated the adoption of decentralized clinical trials, and this trend continues to grow: Virtual visits reduce the burden of participation, particularly for those with limited mobility or transportation Remote monitoring technologies allow for data collection without frequent in-person visits Hybrid trial models combine traditional site visits with telemedicine options However, it's worth noting that digital technologies alone aren't a panacea. Research shows that some under-represented groups, particularly older adults and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, may face digital literacy challenges or limited access to technology. 3 A comprehensive approach must address these barriers. Building Trust Through Technology One of the most significant barriers to diverse recruitment is trust—or rather, the lack thereof. Historical abuses in medical research have created lasting mistrust in many communities, particularly among Black and Indigenous populations. 2 Digital tools can help bridge this trust gap when used thoughtfully: Transparent online education about clinical trials that addresses concerns and misconceptions Video testimonials from participants of diverse backgrounds sharing their experiences Virtual community engagement events that connect researchers with potential participants Partnerships with digital platforms already trusted by specific communities Data-Driven Optimization The power of digital recruitment lies not just in reaching more people, but in reaching the right people through continuous optimization: Real-time analytics that track recruitment progress across demographic groups A/B testing of different messaging and outreach strategies Rapid adjustment of targeting parameters based on enrollment patterns This data-driven approach allows for nimble, responsive recruitment strategies that can quickly address gaps in diversity. Regulatory Considerations While technology opens new doors for recruitment, it must be implemented within regulatory frameworks. The FDA's 2024 guidance document on diversity action plans emphasizes the importance of: 2 Setting clear enrollment goals for under-represented populations Justifying those goals based on disease burden or census data Developing specific strategies to meet those goals Digital technologies should be deployed to support these requirements, providing both the reach and the analytics needed to demonstrate compliance. Best Practices for Implementation For organizations looking to leverage digital technologies for more diverse recruitment, consider these best practices: Build a comprehensive digital strategy that spans multiple platforms and technologies Partner with patient advocacy groups to enhance digital outreach efforts Invest in user experience design to ensure digital tools are accessible to all populations Implement robust data security to protect participant information Train staff in both the technical aspects of digital tools and cultural competency Monitor results continuously and be prepared to adapt quickly Looking Ahead As we move toward 2025, the most successful patient recruitment strategies will combine technological innovation with human-centered approaches. Digital tools provide unprecedented reach and efficiency, but they must be deployed with sensitivity to the needs and concerns of diverse communities. By embracing both technology and inclusivity, the clinical research community has the opportunity to transform patient recruitment—making trials not only more efficient but also more equitable and ultimately more effective at developing treatments that work for everyone. The future of patient recruitment is digital, diverse, and data-driven. For organizations willing to invest in these approaches, the potential rewards include faster enrollment, more representative data, and ultimately, better health outcomes for all populations. For more information on improving your clinical trial recruitment strategies or to discuss your specific recruitment needs, contact The Pharma:Health Practice today. Footnotes " Planning for Patient Recruitment in 2025: Strategies to Stay Ahead of the Curve ," Antidote.me, 2025. ↩ ↩ 2 Anand SS, et al., " Designing inclusive clinical trials: how researchers can drive change to improve diversity ," BMJ, 2025. ↩ ↩ 2 ↩ 3 Anand SS, et al., " Inclusive research: a path to equity and better outcomes ," BMJ, 2025. ↩

In an industry where bringing a single drug to market traditionally costs billions of dollars and takes over a decade, artificial intelligence and machine learning have emerged as game-changing technologies in pharmaceutical research. These computational approaches are transforming how researchers identify novel drug targets, optimize candidate molecules, and design more efficient clinical trials—potentially saving years of development time and billions in costs. The AI Revolution in Target Identification Target identification—determining which proteins or biological pathways to focus on for therapeutic intervention—has historically been a bottleneck in drug discovery. Today, ML algorithms are rapidly accelerating this process by analyzing vast datasets to identify promising drug targets with unprecedented speed. BenevolentAI demonstrated this power when its AI platform identified a promising target for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a complex neurodegenerative disorder with no current cure. By analyzing patient data, biological pathways, and protein interactions, the platform pinpointed a potential target that researchers had not previously considered. Similarly, DeepDTnet—an AI system embedded with 15 variations of phenotypic, chemical, cellular profiles, and genomic data—successfully identified novel targets for existing FDA-approved drugs, helping bridge the translational void in drug development by revealing new uses for compounds that have already undergone safety testing. Enhancing Molecular Design and Optimization After identifying promising targets, researchers must design drug candidates that can effectively engage them. Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have proven particularly effective for modeling molecular structures due to their ability to capture intricate relationships between atoms and bonds. According to recent benchmarking studies, GCN-based models consistently outperform older computational methods in predicting molecular properties and bioactivity—with some reporting prediction accuracies exceeding 85% for complex tasks like blood-brain barrier penetration and toxicity assessment. Machine learning approaches are now also capable of generating entirely new molecular structures. For example, researchers at Insilico Medicine utilized ML to design INS018_055, a new inhibitor of DDR1 kinase implicated in fibrosis. The entire process—from target selection to preclinical candidate nomination—took just 18 months compared to the typical 4-5 years using traditional methods. Revolutionizing Clinical Trials Clinical trials represent the most expensive and time-consuming phase of drug development, with failure rates exceeding 80% across all phases. Machine learning approaches are being deployed to address key challenges: Patient Selection and Stratification ML algorithms can identify patients most likely to respond to specific treatments based on biomarkers, genetic profiles, and other clinical characteristics. This targeted approach increases the likelihood of demonstrating efficacy while requiring fewer participants. In the BATTLE clinical trial for lung cancer treatments, ML models were used to identify key parameters in drug sensitivity sites across tumors, improving the classification of responders versus non-responders. Adaptive Trial Design AI enables adaptive trial designs that modify specific parameters based on interim results. The I-SPY 2 breast cancer trial used adaptive randomization powered by AI algorithms to dynamically assign patients to treatment arms most likely to yield positive outcomes, reducing the time required to identify promising therapies. Remote Patient Monitoring In one of the most significant medtech AI trends of recent years, Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) combined with AI is transforming how clinical trial data is collected. According to recent studies, RPM can cut hospital readmissions by up to 38% and reduce emergency room visits by up to 78%. When Atrium Health created a Virtual Hospital in response to COVID-19, the system used RPM devices and AI algorithms to monitor patients remotely, allowing approximately two-thirds of COVID-positive patients to be managed at home, with only 3% requiring hospitalization. Funding Trends: Unprecedented Investment The financial trajectory of AI in drug discovery reflects growing confidence in these technologies. The global AI in Remote Patient Monitoring market was valued at $1.5 billion in 2023 and is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 27.5%, reaching $8.4 billion by 2030. The broader AI in drug discovery market is similarly experiencing explosive growth, projected to increase from $3.5 billion in 2023 to $7.9 billion by 2030, with a CAGR of 23.72%. In 2023 alone, AI drug discovery companies raised over $2 billion in investment capital, with major players including Exscientia, Recursion Pharmaceuticals, and Atomwise leading the way. Pharmaceutical giants are also heavily investing, with companies like Pfizer, Merck, and AstraZeneca establishing dedicated AI divisions and partnership programs. Challenges and Future Directions Despite remarkable progress, several challenges remain. The pharmaceutical industry continues to grapple with how to aggregate, normalize, and integrate disparate data sources while maintaining data privacy and security. Federated learning approaches that allow models to be trained across multiple institutions without sharing raw data are emerging as promising solutions. The "black box" nature of some deep learning approaches raises concerns about interpretability and trustworthiness. As research in "explainable AI" advances, we're seeing increased focus on developing models that not only make accurate predictions but also provide insights into the reasoning behind those predictions. Regulatory frameworks for AI-driven drug discovery are still evolving. The FDA and other regulatory bodies are working to establish guidelines for validating AI approaches while ensuring patient safety remains paramount. Conclusion Machine learning is fundamentally transforming drug discovery from a largely empirical, trial-and-error process to a more rational, data-driven approach. The unprecedented level of investment reflects growing confidence in the potential of these approaches to address some of the most significant challenges in drug development. For patients waiting for new treatments, these innovations hold tremendous promise for delivering therapies faster and more efficiently than ever before.

In a healthcare landscape increasingly defined by digital transformation, Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) has emerged as a revolutionary force reshaping how care is delivered. No longer confined to hospital walls, healthcare is extending into patients' homes through sophisticated monitoring technologies that promise to improve outcomes while reducing costs. The RPM Revolution: Beyond Basic Monitoring Remote Patient Monitoring has evolved dramatically from its early iterations. What began with simple blood pressure cuffs and glucose meters has transformed into an ecosystem of interconnected devices capturing a wealth of patient data in real time. As Mayo Clinic 's Dr. John Halamka notes, "By one estimate, 30 million Americans will be using remote patient monitoring devices by 2024. By 2027, the global RPM market will reach $1.7 billion." Today's RPM technologies extend far beyond basic vital signs, incorporating: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems that eliminate daily finger pricks ECG sensors in smartwatches detecting atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias Electronic skin patches with wireless transmitters monitoring vital signs Bluetooth-enabled medication inhalers tracking proper dosing Hydration and sweat sensors alerting to dehydration risks Neurological assessment tools for conditions like Parkinson's Disease This technological evolution is creating what Dr. Halamka calls "the bionic woman and the bionic man" – not fictional characters but real people empowered by digital health innovations. Market Growth and Investment Trends The financial trajectory of RPM reflects its growing importance. According to recent market analysis from MarketsandMarkets , the global AI in Remote Patient Monitoring market was valued at $1,551.8 million in 2023 and is forecast to grow at a robust CAGR of 27.5%, reaching $8,438.5 million by 2030. This exponential growth is fueled by: Demographic shifts: The United Nations Population Fund predicts people aged 65+ will grow from 10.3% of the global population in 2024 to 20.7% by 2074, increasing demand for efficient monitoring solutions. Cost pressures: Healthcare systems worldwide face limited budgets alongside increasing patient needs, making RPM's efficiency attractive to payors. AI integration: Artificial intelligence is enhancing RPM capabilities through predictive analytics and pattern recognition, attracting significant investment. COVID-19 acceleration: The pandemic created unprecedented demand for remote care solutions, fast-tracking adoption by approximately 3-5 years. Key players driving innovation include Koninklijke Philips N.V., Medtronic, OMRON Healthcare, GE Healthcare, and Boston Scientific, with significant investment flowing to AI-powered wearables, portable diagnostics, and integrated software platforms. Clinical Outcomes and Cost Savings The evidence supporting RPM's clinical and economic benefits continues to mount. A 2024 study published in Cureus demonstrated significant improvements in key metrics: Disease-specific markers decreased significantly (p = 0.002) Symptom severity showed substantial reduction (p < 0.001) Overall health status improved significantly (p < 0.001) Perhaps most compelling for healthcare systems and insurers, the same study documented dramatic cost reductions: Direct healthcare costs decreased by approximately 50% (p < 0.001) Indirect costs, including productivity loss, dropped by about 50% (p = 0.004) RemetricHealth notes that RPM can cut hospital readmissions by up to 38% and reduce emergency room visits by up to 78%, representing substantial savings in high-cost acute care utilization. Enhancing Patient Autonomy and Experience Beyond clinical metrics, RPM fundamentally transforms the patient experience. Patients using these technologies report significantly higher satisfaction with: Communication with providers (increasing from 80% to 95%, p < 0.001) Convenience of healthcare services (increasing from 75% to 90%, p < 0.001) Overall healthcare experience (increasing from 85% to 92%, p = 0.012) A review in BMJ Open identified six key mechanisms through which successful RPM interventions operate: Targeting high-risk populations Accurately detecting health decline Providing responsive, timely care Personalizing care approaches Enhancing patient self-management Ensuring collaborative, coordinated care Empowerment through self-management represents a fundamental shift from passive recipients of care to active participants in health management. Barriers and Challenges Despite its promise, RPM faces significant implementation challenges: Technological barriers: Healthcare organizations must ensure RPM platforms integrate seamlessly with existing electronic health records and workflows. Equity concerns: The "digital divide" means some populations—particularly elderly, rural, and low-income patients—may lack the digital literacy or infrastructure to benefit from RPM. Provider adaptation: Healthcare providers must develop new skills and workflows to effectively utilize the influx of patient-generated health data. Reimbursement complexity: While telehealth reimbursement has expanded dramatically, especially post-COVID, payment models for RPM services continue to evolve. The Road Ahead As RPM technology advances, its future intersects with other transformative technologies: Artificial intelligence will enhance RPM by identifying subtle patterns that may indicate complications before they become severe, enabling truly preventive care. Seamless integration between devices and healthcare systems will create comprehensive digital ecosystems that coordinate care across settings. Passive monitoring technologies will reduce patient burden while increasing data collection, making RPM more sustainable for long-term use. The Department of Veterans Affairs provides a glimpse of this future in action. In 2023, the VA initiated contracts to establish telemetry tracking systems for some 35 VA Medical Centers, demonstrating institutional commitment to RPM as core infrastructure rather than experimental technology. Conclusion Remote Patient Monitoring represents a fundamental shift in healthcare delivery that extends clinical supervision beyond traditional settings while empowering patients to engage actively in their health management. As technology advances and evidence accumulates, we can expect RPM to become increasingly central to healthcare delivery—not as a supplementary tool but as a cornerstone of modern patient care. For healthcare organizations and professionals adapting to this changing landscape, the message is clear: The future of healthcare increasingly resides in the patient's home, enabled by sophisticated but user-friendly technologies that bridge the gap between clinical expertise and everyday life.

Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a transformative tool in healthcare, particularly within the realms of patient therapy and rehabilitation. This article examines the integration of VR into clinical practice, detailing its benefits, diverse applications, and future potential for enhancing patient outcomes. VR in Therapy and Rehabilitation VR technology creates an immersive, simulated environment that patients interact with through headsets and other sensory devices. This controlled setting facilitates the delivery of therapeutic interventions that can be both engaging and clinically effective. Key benefits include: Enhanced Patient Engagement: By transforming routine therapeutic exercises into interactive experiences, VR can improve patient motivation and adherence to treatment protocols. Personalized Treatment Modalities: VR systems can be tailored to accommodate individual patient needs and progress, enabling customized therapy plans. Risk-Free Simulation: The virtual environment allows patients to practice challenging or potentially hazardous activities safely, thereby reducing the risk of physical injury. Expanded Accessibility: VR offers the potential to extend specialized therapies to patients in remote or underserved areas, enhancing access to care. Objective Data Collection: VR platforms facilitate the collection of quantifiable performance data, enabling clinicians to monitor progress and adjust treatment plans based on real-time feedback. Clinical Applications of VR in Patient Therapy 1. Pain Management Recent studies indicate that VR can be an effective adjunct in the management of both acute and chronic pain. By immersing patients in engaging virtual environments, VR diverts attention from pain stimuli—a technique that has shown promise in reducing reliance on pharmacological interventions. For example, burn patients have experienced significant pain relief during wound care procedures when exposed to VR distraction techniques. 2. Physical Rehabilitation VR has proven to be a valuable tool in physical therapy, particularly for patients recovering from stroke, surgery, or traumatic injuries. By providing a virtual environment where patients can practice movements with real-time feedback, VR enhances the rehabilitation process. Gamification elements integrated into VR programs have been shown to increase patient participation and improve clinical outcomes, a trend recognized by organizations such as the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA ). 3. Mental Health Interventions The application of VR in mental health is growing, especially in the treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and specific phobias. VR exposure therapy (VRET) allows patients to confront and manage their fears within a controlled virtual setting. Research published in the SSM - Mental Health has demonstrated that VR therapy enhances phobia and PTSD treatment through safe, controlled exposure , offering a scalable solution for the management of anxiety-related conditions. 4. Patient Education VR also plays a critical role in patient education by transforming complex medical information into interactive, three-dimensional experiences. This technology aids in demystifying procedures and medical conditions, thereby improving patient understanding and engagement. For instance, patients scheduled for surgery can benefit from virtual walk-throughs of the procedure, potentially reducing preoperative anxiety. The Future of VR in Patient Care The evolving landscape of VR in healthcare suggests a promising future. As VR technology becomes more sophisticated and economically viable, its integration into routine clinical practice is likely to increase. However, it is important to emphasize that VR is intended to complement—not replace—traditional therapeutic methods. Ongoing research is essential to fully elucidate the long-term benefits, limitations, and best practices for the implementation of VR in patient care.

Combating misinformation in digital health is a multifaceted challenge that requires a combination of strategies, including fact-checking, leveraging expert sources, and enhancing media literacy. Recent developments in this area highlight various approaches: Fact-Checking and Expert Involvement : A study published in the American Medical Association's JAMA Network Open 1 revealed that social media influencers often promote health tests with limited scientific backing, using fearmongering tactics. Researchers advocate for stronger regulation and the involvement of experts to counteract such medical misinformation on social media platforms.  Media Literacy Education: Schools are increasingly incorporating media literacy into their curriculums to help students navigate the influx of misinformation and conspiracy theories online. Educators emphasize the importance of critical thinking skills, enabling students to discern credible sources and apply these skills in real-life situations. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications: AI technologies are being explored to detect and mitigate the spread of false information. A systematic review 2 highlighted the role of AI in analyzing and combating misinformation across various platforms, suggesting that AI can be a valuable tool in maintaining information integrity. Empowering Social Media Influencers : Given their significant reach, social media influencers are being equipped with tools and accurate information to combat health misinformation. 3 This approach aims to ensure that influencers disseminate reliable health information to their audiences, particularly in communities disproportionately affected by misinformation. Personal Narratives and Empathy : Personal stories have proven effective in changing minds about health misinformation 4 . For instance, individuals who once held anti-vaccine beliefs have shared their experiences of transformation, underscoring the impact of empathetic support and factual, relatable information in countering false narratives. These strategies underscore the importance of a comprehensive approach to combating digital health misinformation, involving regulatory measures, education, technological innovation, and the amplification of credible voices. Footnotes 1. Social media influencers are 'fearmongering' to promote health tests with limited evidence, study finds 2. Artificial intelligence in the battle against disinformation and misinformation: A systematic review 3. To combat misinformation, social influencers need the right tools 4. Formerly anti-vax parents on how they changed their minds